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ABSTRACT The present study aimed identifying the behavioral patterns of Anopheles species as well as to estimate the parity rate and natural infection analysis for Plasmodium species in the district of Ilha de Santana, state of Amapá, Brazil. The samples were obtained in four and 12-hours collections. In the intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary conditions and also in environments with the presence of animals from January/2017 to December/2018. The entomological parameters evaluated were human biting rate (HBR); Indexes of Anthropophily (IA) and Zoophily (IZ); Parity Rate (PR); Natural Infection Rate (NIR); Monthly and annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR). A total of 1,330 Anopheles specimens were collected, distributed in nine species. All captured species showed preference biting in outdoor enviroment. Anopheles darlingi was the most frequent species collected in indoor environment and the most anthropophilic (IA = 0.39) compared with the remaining species captured. It was also the unique species positive for Plasmodium vivax, had the highest anthropophily degree, highest biting activity and HBR in the first hours with a hight rate of parous females. Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. was the most zoophilic species (IZ = 0.65). These findings suggest that A. darlingi is the main malaria vector in the studied area. Anopheles albitarsis s.l. was the second species more anthropophilic (IA = 0.31) and revealed a stable pattern with a biting activity peak after sunset, consequently this species may contribute with malaria transmission in area.
ABSTRACT
Background: More than 1.2 million deaths occur each year on the world's roads. In India, the number of motor vehicles on the road is increasing with the population and economic growth. It has been estimated that if effective and immediate action is not taken, deaths due to road traffic accidents will become the fifth leading cause of deaths by 2020. Objectives was to assess the level of awareness and behavior regarding road safety rules among undergraduate medical students.Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in a Medical College of western Uttar Pradesh. In the present study 200 final and pre-final year, undergraduate medical students were selected with the help of simple random selection, who drive/use vehicles either of their own or others. The study period was from June 2019 to August 2019.Results: About 29 percent of participants responded that they do not follow lane rules while driving. Study showed that 72.1% and 42.0% were aware that what documents to be carried with them while driving among those who attend and did not attend any program on road safety measures respectively. About 58.1 % and 38.2% were aware that penalty for driving without a helmet can be imposed among those who attend and did not attend any program on road safety measures.Conclusions: Awareness of road safety measures among participants was satisfactory, but the gap was also seen between awareness and behavior patterns regarding road safety measures.
ABSTRACT
A identificação de dor em bovinos e seu alivio, são essenciais para o bem estar animal, todavia ainda não há um teste ideal para esta avaliação. Alguns pesquisadores têm utilizados cortisol sérico e frequências cardíaca e respiratória para esta avaliação, enquanto outros utilizam escalas baseadas em comportamento ou expressões faciais, não existindo uma escala que leve em consideração a união destes identificadores para bovinos. Além disso, a maioria dos pesquisadores manipulam os animais para identificar a dor, o que poderia mascarar os resultados. Desta maneira o presente trabalho propôs elaborar e validar uma escala análogo visual para identificação de dor em bovinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Para tanto 8 bovinos holandeses de 200 dias de vida e 250 kg de peso vivo foram submetidos a orquiectomia com previa anestesia local e uso de analgésicos. A identificação de dor foi baseada em analises fisiológica (cortisol sérico e frequência respiratória), comportamental, de expressão facial e análogo visual nos momentos -30 (30 minutos antes do procedimento) e 1, 3, 6 12, 24, 72 e 420 horas após o procedimento; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as analises foram realizadas sem a interferência do avaliador com o animal, por meio de filmagens de vídeos. Notou-se que todas as metodologias propostas foram capazes de identificar dor pós orquiectomia em bovinos, no entanto a graduação de maior dor foi em momentos pós-cirúrgicos distintos conforme o parâmetro avaliado. Assim houve fraca correlação entre os modelos propostos, pois se encontrou limitações para a maioria das metodologias avaliadas, concluindo-se que a associação entre os vários parâmetros de dor, tal qual o utilizado na escala análogo visual, aumenta a acurácia em identificar a dor após orquiectomia em bovinos.(AU)
The identification of pain in cattle and your relief, are essential for animal welfare, however there is still no ideal test for this evaluation. Some researchers have used serum cortisol, heart and respiratory rates for this assessment, while others use scales based on behavior or facial expressions. However, doesn't exist but a scale that takes into account the union of these identifiers for cattle. Furthermore, most researchers manipulate the animals to identify pain, which could mask the result. In this way, this paper proposed design and validate a visual analog scale for pain identification in cattle undergoing orchiectomy. For this, 8 Holstein calves with 200 days old and 250kg live weight were submitted to orchiectomy with local anesthesia and analgesics. The identification of pain was based on physiological analysis (serum cortisol and respiratory rate), behavioral, and facial expression in the visual-analogue -30 (30 minutes before surgery) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 420 hours after the procedure; and with the exception of cortisol, all analyzes were performed without the interference of the appraiser with the animal, by videos. It was noted that all the methods proposed were able to identify post orchiectomy pain in cattle, however the degree of pain were higher in different post-surgical times. There was poor correlation between the proposed models, because it was found limitations for most assessed methodologies. We concluded an association between various parameters of pain, as visual analogue scale, can increase the accuracy to identify pain orchiectomy in bulls.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Pain/diagnosis , Cattle/anatomy & histology , Orchiectomy/statistics & numerical data , Castration/veterinaryABSTRACT
Nas últimas décadas, a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade tem se elevado de forma alarmante e, atualmente, atinge não só os adultos, mas também crianças e adolescentes. Sabe-se que um pequeno número de fatores comportamentais - relacionados ao consumo alimentar inadequado e prática insuficiente de atividade física - é responsável por parcela significativa desse cenário. Ainda que muitos desses fatores tenham sido explorados individualmente, evidências atuais sugerem sua coexistência na forma de padrões de comportamentos relacionados ao ganho excessivo de peso. A identificação desses padrões na população brasileira pode contribuir para o reconhecimento de grupos populacionais de maior vulnerabilidade, assim como para criação de políticas públicas efetivas para a reversão do cenário atual. Objetivo: Analisar os padrões de comportamento formados por fatores de risco e proteção para o ganho excessivo de peso e suas associações com características sociodemográficas entre os escolares do 9º ano do ensino fundamental no Brasil. Métodos: Dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2012, com amostra final de 109.104 escolares do 9º ano do ensino fundamental, foram utilizados. Para identificação dos padrões de coexistência de fatores (relacionados ao consumo e comportamento alimentar, atividade física e comportamento sedentário), foi realizada a análise de cluster pelo método não hierárquico k-means. Regressões logísticas foram utilizadas para contextualização de cada padrão identificado (utilizando características sociodemográficas dos escolares). Resultados: No conjunto total da população, e na análise estratificada por sexo, dois padrões foram identificados. O padrão 1, caracterizado predominantemente pela baixa frequência tanto de fatores de risco quanto de proteção para o ganho excessivo de peso, e o padrão 2, pela elevada frequência de...
In recent decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has risen at alarming rates and currently affects not only adults but also children and adolescents. It is known that a small number of behavioral factors - related to inadequate dietary intake and insufficient physical activity - are responsible for a significant portion of this scenario. Although many of these factors were individually explored, current evidence suggests its coexistence as behavior patterns related to excessive weight gain. Identifying these patterns in the Brazilian population may contribute to identifying population groups most vulnerable as well as for creating effective public policies to reverse the current scenario. Objective: Analyzing behavior patterns formed by risk and protective factors for weight excessive gain and their association with sociodemographic characteristics among students of the 9th grade of elementary school in Brazil. Methods: Data from the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE) 2012, with a final sample of 109.104 students from 9th grade of elementary school, were used. In order to identify factors coexistence groups (related to the consumption and eating habits, physical activity and sedentary behavior), it was performed cluster analysis by the non-hierarchical k-means method. Logistic regressions were used to contextualize each identified pattern (using sociodemographic characteristics of the students). Results: In the total population set, and in the stratified analysis by sex, two clusters were identified. The cluster 1, which is characterized predominantly by low frequency of both risk factors and protective factors for excessive weight gain, and the cluster 2, which is characterized by the high frequency of these factors. I.e. no cluster essentially healthy or unhealthy, both are mixed. In general, it is observed that those students aged 14-15 years, black / brown color, from more developed regions (Southeast, South and...
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Risk Factors , Feeding Behavior/psychology , Obesity/epidemiology , Overweight/epidemiology , Brazil , Adolescent Behavior , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
El propósito de este estudio fue comprobar las diferencias en los patrones conductuales exhibidos durante una negociación entre padres-adolescentes identificados como conflictivos y no conflictivos. Las discusiones fueron codificadas con el Sistema de Codificación de la Comunicación Intrafamiliar (COMIN). La prueba t de muestras independientes permitió identificar diferencias conductuales en ambos grupos. En las díadas conflictivas, los adolescentes se oponen con más frecuencia y los padres dan más órdenes con la finalidad de controlar la conducta de sus hijos, contrastando con las díadas no conflictvas donde el adolescente responde pasivamente a las conductas de control de los padres. Ambos grupos usan categorías negativas al negociar, pero en las diadas no conflictivas su duración es menor.
The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in behavior patterns during a negotiation between families identified as conflictive versus not conflictive. The discussions were encoded with the Family Communication Codification System (COMIN). Different behavior patterns where inditifique between both groups with independent sample t-test analyses. In conflictive teenagers dyads is more often opposite behaviors and parents give more orders to inhibit them. In contrast, to non-conflictive dyads where the adolescents who respond passively to control behaviors of parents. Both groups used negative categories in the negotiation, but in no-conflictive dyads, duration was shorter.
ABSTRACT
A interação criança-acompanhante é considerada central no processo de aquisição da linguagem. Este estudo procurou identificar e analisar padrões comportamentais (e.g., estratégias de ensino maternas;aquisições cognitivas filiais) estabelecidos nas interações criança-acompanhante durante o primeiro ano de vida da criança. Participaram três crianças (uma menina e dois meninos), todas com dois mesesno início do estudo, geralmente acompanhadas pelas mães. Foram filmadas sessões semanais dasinterações criança-acompanhante. Os resultados mostraram que inicialmente os comportamentos maternos adaptar e apontar e o comportamento filial observar foram os mais emitidos. A partir doquinto mês nota-se que apontar, aquisições cognitivas e sons ocorreram com maior freqüência.Além disso, verificou-se que: 1) os módulos dinâmicos, chorar, rir e interação motora tiveram amaior freqüência; 2) a interação protolingüística mais emitida foi não-verbal do acompanhante; e 3)as estratégias de ensino, apontar, adaptar e fornecer feedback foram as que apresentaram maior freqüência. De maneira geral se observaram covariações entre os comportamentos do acompanhante eos da criança. Estes resultados são discutidos considerando a literatura sobre a interação mãe-criança,os dados anteriores desta linha de pesquisa e os possíveis papéis daqueles padrões comportamentais como pré-requisitos na aquisição da linguagem.
Infant-caregiver interaction is a fundamental aspect in language acquisition process. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze behavioral patterns (caregiver's teaching strategies; child cognitive acquisitions) established in infant-caregiver interactions during the first year of life. Twoboys and one girl participated, all two months of age at the start of the study, usually accompanied by their mothers. Weekly sessions of infant-caregiver interaction were filmed. Results showed that, initially, caregiver behaviors of adapting and pointing and infant behavior observing were most frequent. From the fifth month on, pointing, cognitive acquisitions and sounds were more frequent. It was also observed that 1) crying, laughing and motor interaction were most frequentin the dynamic modules; 2) the most frequent instance of protolinguistic interaction was non verbal of the caregiver; and 3)the most frequent teaching strategies were pointing, adapting and giving feedback. In general, co-variations between caregiver and infant behaviors were observed. Results are discussed in terms of the child-caregiver interaction literature, previous data from this line of investigation and possible roles of those behavioral patterns as prerequisites in language acquisition.